A total of 123 isolates of 14 species of dermatophytes and yeasts were screened for the activity of five extracellular enzymes including elastase, keratinase, protease (gelatinase), lipase and phospholipase, by using solid media. The optimal production and activity of each enzyme was determined with regard to different pH and temperatures. Keratinase activity was high with all the tested fungi with exception of Malassezia furfur. Protease (gelatinase) was produced only by dermatophytes. Elastase was secreted by three dermatophytes viz. Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes and T. verrucosum, whereas lipase and phospholipase were detected in all the species except T. violaceum.
The dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei isolated from patients infected with tinea cruris was cultured in Sabouraud dextrose broth, from which an exocellular keratinase extract was obtained. The keratinase was partially purified with sephadix G-100 gel filtration. Some biochemical characteristics of the purified enzyme were examined. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 38,000 dalton on sodium dodecyle sulfate polyacrylmide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal pH was 5.5 and optimal temperature for the highest keratinase activity was 50 degrees C. The enzyme activity was specifically increased against guinea pig hair and fibrous protein and inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride.
The dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei isolated from a patient with tinea cruris was cultured in peptone-glucose broth from which an exocellular proteinase was obtained. The enzyme was partly purified by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. Its molecular weight was determined to be 33,000 on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimal pH was 8.5, the optimal temperature 35 degrees C. The proteolytic activity was specifically increased against casein and inhibited by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. The enzyme was identified as alkaline serine proteinase.
Results:The results revealed that 6% were infected with hMPV, 8% of respiratory syncytial viruses type A (RSV-A) and 14% of respiratory syncytial virus's type B (RSV-B) from children who are suffering from respiratory illness. Phylogenetic tree analysis of hMPV based on the partial sequences of the fusion protein (F) gene was used for genotyping and detection. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum likelihood tree method in MEGA 6.0 version. The local hMPV isolates (S1) were closely related to NCBI-Blast hMPV genotype A1 (KM408076.1), the local hMPV isolates (S2, S3, and S5) were closely related to NCBI-Blast hMPV genotype B1 (KJ196323.1), and the local hMPV isolates (S4) were closely related to NCBI-Blast hMPV genotype B2 (JQ041689.1).
Conclusions:The prevalence rate of hMPV is less than RSV, and both subtypes of hMPV, A and B may exist and circulate in one season, and the predominant sublineage of hMPV shifts in progressive season.
Secondary metabolites (SM) products permanently played an important role in medicine; fungi metabolites have increasingly become major players in recent pharmaceutical discovery in particular antimicrobial agents. The aim of study was to prepare and characterize of potential biological extract of culture filtrate of Trichophyton rubrum and tested as antibacterial, antioxidant agents. Local isolates of a dermatophyte T. rubrum were used and examined for production of SM. Extracts were checked for physical and chemical characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotomete and HPLC and their cytotoxicity using a sensitive in-vitro brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The results revealed the isolation, preparation and characterization of different components of SM, included especially kojic acid, fusidic acid, amides and sulfones which gave antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, the current study established the ability of a dermatophyte, T. rubrum to produce antibiotic-like substances, especially the sulfones which not isolated and recorded previously from T. rubrum.
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