Objective:In this study, the various factors determining the out-of-pocket expenditure on child health care by households are discussed to answer the following questions: How much are households currently spending on child health care? Is there any role of socio-economic status of households on expenditure on child health care? What percentage of their income is spent on child health care and is it catastrophic?Materials and Methods:Four slums with a total a population of 7000 were selected for this study. Households where there is history of illness/ sickness in children under 5 years in last one month were included in the study.Results:There were a total of 218 episodes of child illness in the households. The household's belonging to socio- economic class I and II had higher spending on child's illness per episode as compared to households of socio- economic class III, IV, and V. Socioeconomic status was the key determinant of health care expenditure.Conclusion:In this study, it has been found that almost all the households suffered from catastrophic health expenditure.
BACKGROUND: Majority of the health problems of school children can be prevented by promotion of hygiene and sanitation through health education of school children, teachers and parents. OBJECTIVES: 1. To find out the status of personal hygiene among the primary school children. 2. To study the nutritional and morbidity profile of the school students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted among primary school students in rural area of Khammam district, A.P. RESULTS: the study included 180 primary school children (105 boys and 75 girls). The status of personal hygiene was better among girl as compared to boys when it came to clean and combed hairs (82.66 vs. 66.66% , p<0.05), clean clothes (94.66% vs.79.04%, p<0.05), clean teeth (89.33% vs.80.95% , p<0.05), use of soap for hand washing at school (86.66% vs.72.38%, p<0.05), hand washing after toilet (93.33% vs. 80.95%, p<0.05). Anemia (43.88%) and malnutrition (31.66%) was found to be common among the school children. CONCLUSIONS: The government health services should regularly undertake school health checkup and health education session in the schools for a wider coverage. Periodic appraisal of school staff and parents of the school students needs to be undertaken in aspects of health of the children.
INTRODUCTION:School health is an important branch of community health. In 1960, the government of India constituted a School Health Committee to assess the standards of health and nutrition of school children and suggest ways and means to improve them. 1 The committee recommended the need for medical examination of pupils and of school nutrition program. Schools are sacred because they provide an environment for learning skills and for development of intelligence that can be utilized by students to achieve their goals in life. School is a place where health education regarding important aspects of hygiene, environment and sanitation, as well as social customs, is being imparted.There are 6.3 lakh schools in India, with 128.3 million children in primary schools and about 50 million in upper primary schools. 2 It is a fact that only 8% of the schools have sanitation facilities in school premises, only 44% have water supply facilities, 19% have urinals and 8% have lavatory facilities. Under these conditions, schools and community environment become unsafe places where diseases are transmitted. 3 The present study was undertaken among primary school children of rural area of Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, with the following objectives:1. To find out the status of personal hygiene among the primary school children. 2. To study the nutritional and morbidity profile of the school students.
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