Background: Amniotic fluid not only provides protection to the fetus from traumatic forces, cord compression, and microbial pathogens, but also plays an integral role in the normal development of the fetal musculoskeletal, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems. Polyhydramnios, defined as an excessive amount of amniotic fluid, complicates approximately 0.4-3.3% of all pregnancies. Fetal conditions that are associated with polyhydramnios include major congenital anomalies and both the immunologic and non-immunologic forms of hydrops foetalis. Maternal medical conditions are also known to be associated with polyhydramnios and subsequently alter perinatal outcome. So by diagnosing these cases as early as possible, these maternal complications can be prevented and advise proper prenatal counseling in relevant cases. Methods: This study was conducted in obstetrics and gynaecology department at a tertiary care hospital, over the period of from September 2015 to September 2016. Prospective observational study. Results: Polyhydramnios is commoner in primigravida. Causative factor are mainly idiopathic after which the most important is fetal defects. Diabetes is also associated finding with polyhydramnios in 8.3% cases. The occurrence of fetal congenital abnormality was directly proportional to the gestational age of pregnancy. Incidence of congenital abnormality was found to be 1.25 %. Congenital heart disease and cleft lip and cleft palate (3%) were the commonest congenital abnormality associated with polyhydramnios followed by anencephaly and spina bifida (3.3%). Conclusions: In our study Idiopathic polyhydramnios was found to be the most common cause of polyhydramnios. A careful study must be done for detection of etiological factors in all cases of polyhydramnios, careful screening, prenatal and antenatal counseling will help to improve the foetal outcome as well as to prevent the maternal complication.

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the commonly encountered problem by obstetrician of which, pregnancy induced hypertension leads the list. A number of dietary deficiencies or excesses have been blamed as the cause for preeclampsia over centuries. Studies have shown relationship between dietary deficiencies and incidence of preeclampsia. The lowering of serum calcium and the increase of intracellular calcium can cause an elevation of blood pressure in preeclamptic mothers. Recent investigations suggest that magnesium deficiency could play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, particularly in regulating the tonus of arterioles and veins. The relationship of serum leptin and lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased in preeclampsia. Methods: A comparative study to evaluate the levels of serum calcium and serum magnesium and LDH in pregnancy induced hypertension and normal pregnancy and to correlate the serum levels of calcium and magnesium and LDH with the pregnancy induced hypertension. Results: The serum calcium and magnesium has significantly decreased in cases as compared to controls. Whereas the levels of LDH was significantly increased in cases compared to controls. Serum calcium decreased in severe PIH cases compared to mild PIH cases but statistically not significant. Serum magnesium in mild PIH is less compared to severe PIH cases. The decrease is not statistically significant. The increase in LDH in mild case is less compared to severe PIH case. The increase is stastically significant. Conclusion: Routine biochemical evaluation of serum concentration of calcium and magnesium early in pregnancy may be helpful in identifying at risk patients for preeclampsia. Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia in patients with pregnancy induced hypertension may have a cause and effect relationship with the disorder. Amongst the biochemical markers studied LDH level was seen as the best predictor of severity of pregnancy induced hypertension.

Background: In today's world with the concept of changing childbirth, where there is a 'women centered approach', the idea of a constant caring companion has reemerged. In a busy labour ward patients may deliver safely but it may contribute to patient's dissatisfaction, as they do not feel cared for. The constant caring companion would prove an important asset to the doctor and nurses involved in the management of the women in labour.Methods: Prospective study carried out in 120 patients meeting inclusion criteria.Results: Patients with constant caring companion had significant lower percentage (13.3%) of pain level as compared to those without companion. The mean satisfaction score of the patients with ccc was 90.66 whereas the score of the group without ccc was 30.33 which statistically highly significant. 42 of the patients with ccc and 39 patients without ccc opted for known female relative as constant caring companion. All woman in the study group and 97% in the control group would recommend a constant caring companion to the pregnant woman.Conclusions: Women with a constant caring companion have a more fulfilling and satisfactory experience of the labour process which cannot be said about the women without ccc. Since no negative impact was observed due to the presence of a constant caring companion, this practice may be recommended. The constant caring companion would prove an important asset to the doctor involved in the management of labouring women.