This target article presents a critical survey of the
scientific literature dealing with the speed/accuracy trade-offs
in rapid-aimed movements. It highlights the numerous mathematical
and theoretical interpretations that have been proposed in recent
decades. Although the variety of points of view reflects the richness
of the field and the high degree of interest that such basic phenomena attract in the understanding of human movements, it calls into
question the ability of many models to explain the basic observations
consistently reported in the field. This target article summarizes the
kinematic theory of rapid human movements, proposed recently by R.
Plamondon (1993b; 1993c; 1995a; 1995b), and analyzes its predictions
in the context of speed/accuracy trade-offs. Data from human
movement literature are reanalyzed and reinterpreted in the context
of the new theory. It is shown that the various aspects of speed/
accuracy trade-offs can be taken into account by considering the
asymptotic behavior of a large number of coupled linear systems,
from which a delta-lognormal law can be derived to describe the
velocity profile of an end-effector driven by a neuromuscular synergy.
This law not only describes velocity profiles almost perfectly, it
also predicts the kinematic properties of simple rapid movements
and provides a consistent framework for the analysis of different
types of speed/accuracy trade-offs using a quadratic (or power)
law that emerges from the model.
In this paper we compare 23 different models that can be used to describe the asymmetric bell-shaped velocity profiles of rapid-aimed movements. The comparison is performed with the help of an analysis-by-synthesis experiment over a database of 1052 straight lines produced by nine human subjects. For each line and for each model, a set of parameters is extracted that minimizes the error between the original and the reconstructed data. Performance analysis on the basis of the mean-square-error clearly reflects the superiority of the support-bounded lognormal model to globally describe the velocity profile characterizing rapid movements.
The cassava flours and starches have elicited great use in the food and non-food industry. The diversity in cassava genotypes accounts for differences in end-product properties, and would require characterization of cassava varieties for suitability of culinary and processing. This review showed that screening criteria of cassava cultivars end-user properties include proximate contents, amylose content, structural, swelling, gelatinization and pasting characteristics, including freeze-thaw stability properties of cassava-derived flours and starches. Literature shows that the physiochemical properties vary with genetic factors (i.e. genotype). In this review, the amylose content was found to be the main genetic trait for discriminating the cassava varieties for gelatinization and pasting processes including resistant starches. Moreover, cassava derived raw materials (flours and starches) were found to have various application in baking, edible film, syrup, glucose, alcohol, and soups production.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.