This study extends the existing adult literature on insecure attachment as a predictor of depression and anxiety by examining these pathways in a sample of adolescents. In addition, dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem were tested as mediators of the association between insecure attachment and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Youth (N =350; 6th-10th graders) completed self-report measures of attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in a 4-wave prospective study. Results indicate that anxious and avoidant attachment each predicted changes in both depression and anxiety (after controlling for initial symptom levels). The association between anxious attachment, but not avoidant attachment, and later internalizing symptoms was mediated by dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Effects remained even after controlling for initial co-occurring symptoms.Depression and anxiety are among the most common psychiatric disorders during adolescence (Costello, Egger, & Angold, 2005;Williamson, Forbes, Dahl, & Ryan, 2005), and prevalence rates of both major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders increase significantly during adolescence (Costello et al., 2005;). Point prevalence rates for depression range from 2% to 5%, and rates of recurrence are found to be approximately 70% within 5 years (Birmaher et al., 1996). Anxiety disorders have a point prevalence rate of approximately 20% and exhibit a significant degree of stability across the lifespan (Costello et al., 2005). In addition, adolescent depression and anxiety disorders co-occur highly with each other (Angold, Costello, & Erkanli, 1999), as well as with other psychiatric disorders. Given the high prevalence and recurrence rates, marked increase during adolescence, significant degree of co-occurrence, and continuity into adulthood, it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in the development of depression and anxiety in adolescents.Attempts to understand the development of depression in youth have utilized both cognitive and interpersonal approaches. Separately, each approach has contributed substantially to our understanding of the development of depression. Cognitive theories (e.g., Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression;Beck, 1987) have provided evidence for the influence of negative cognitions in the development of depression, whereas interpersonal theories (e.g., Interactional Theory of Depression; Coyne, 1976) emphasize the role of interpersonal processes (e.g., relationships with family and peers) in depression. Using an integrated cognitive-interpersonal approach allows for an examination of the interplay between both intrapersonal and Correspondence should be addressed to Adabel Lee, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison, Chicago, IL 60607. E-mail: adabel@uic.edu. NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript interpersonal factors. Attachment theory is one such integrative theory that can be...
The current study examined whether negative interactions with parents and peers would mediate the longitudinal association between perceived social competence and depressive symptoms and whether a negative cognitive style would moderate the longitudinal association between negative interactions with parents and increases in depressive symptoms. Youth (N=350; 6 th -10 th graders) completed self-report measures of perceived social competence, negative interactions with parents and peers, negative cognitive style, and depressive symptoms at three time points. Results indicated that the relationship between perceived social competence and depressive symptoms was partially mediated by negative interactions with parents but not peers. Further, baseline negative cognitive style interacted with greater negative parent interactions to predict later depressive symptoms. Perceived Social Competence, Negative Social Interactions and Negative Cognitive Style Predict Depressive Symptoms during AdolescenceDepression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders during adolescence Costello, Egger, & Angold, 2005;Williamson, Forbes, Dahl, & Ryan, 2005). The point prevalence rate of major depressive disorder during adolescence is approximately 5% (Lewinsohn, Rohde, Klein, & Seeley, 1999;Shaffer et al., 1996) and rises sharply during mid-to-late adolescence (Hankin et al., 1998), with adolescent lifetime prevalence rates ranging between 15% to 20%. Additionally, rates of recurrence during adolescence are similar to rates found in adult populations: approximately 40% within 2 years (Birmaher et al., 2004) and 70% within 5 years (Birmaher et al., 1996). The high prevalence and recurrence rates are of particular concern as adolescent depression has been associated with poor outcomes, such as negative life events (e.g., Adrian & Hammen, 1993;Davila, Hammen, Burge, Paley, et al., 1995), poor interpersonal functioning (Hammen and Brennan, 2002;Rudolph, Hammen, Burge, Lindberg, Herzberg, Daley, 2000), substance abuse (Whitmore et al., 1997), co-morbidity with other psychiatric disorders (Angold, Costello & Erkanli, 1999), and suicide (Nock & Kazdin, 2002).Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Adabel Lee, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Internet correspondence can be addressed to adabel@med.umich.edu.. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 September 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptBoth cognitive theories of depression (e.g., Hopelessness Theory of Depression; HT, Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) and interpersonal approaches to depression (e.g., Coyne, 1976; Joiner, & Coyne, 1999) have been used to explain the development and maintenance of depression. Interpersonal approaches focus on examining how relationship dynamics affect mood, whereas cognitive theories focus on how interpretations of events affect mood. However, integrating bo...
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