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In this paper, a new controller, management and security system (CMSS) was proposed to ensure the overall operation of pico-hydroelectric power plants (PHPPs) at low-cost, especially in off-grid sites in remote areas. The proposed system can be used to meet the requirements of the PHPP such as the start-up, the departures' management, the loadfrequency controller (LFC), the emergency stop (ES), and the normal stop procedures in order to guarantee good quality and sustainable services. The system was tested under various conditions to prove its reliability using PHPP prototype. Based on the prototype, the laboratory experimental results are presented. The design's details and the implementation of the system are given as well. The system is completely independent, and it achieved an initial cost of only 266 $. The flexibility makes the system more suitable for extended future improvement such as adding data-logger, adding communication aspects using wireless technologies, etc. Furthermore, the system could be easily adapted for different educational purposes, especially for universities with limited resources.

In this paper, multi-criteria and hierarchical energy management system (EMS) for a light solar vehicle (LSV) is investigated. This vehicle uses of a lithium-ion battery (bat), a supercapacitor (SC), a photovoltaic (PV) generator and a propulsion system. The proposed management strategy aims to enhance power sharing between multiple sources with different characteristics, and to optimize power trajectory in order to avoid the energy losses in the DC/DC converters. For this sake, the developed strategy is based on five modes switching process. The proposed EMS consists of three hierarchical levels. The high level defines dynamically mode operation according to system situation and management strategy (decision strategy). It employs the state of charge of the battery (SOCbat), the state of charge of SC (SOCsc), the PV power (Ppv) and the load power (Pload) as a four-information sensor to distinguish different modes and determine the mode selected. While the medium level, integrates an algorithm to compute the reference power for the SC and the battery at each instant and according to selected mode. The low level plays an interface between EMS and DC/DC converters. It is composed from the proportional integral (PI) controllers which provide a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal to DC/DC converters. It is noteworthy here that the fuzzy logic (FL) technology is used to implement the suggested EMS. The obtained results of various simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed strategy.

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