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Trace-element or heavy-metal pollution has emerged as a serious concern in terms of both environmental and human health issues. This study measured six trace and toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) in four marine fish and shrimp species to assess their accumulation levels and evaluate the risks to human health. The mean concentrations of the metals in fish and shrimp species (Labeo bata, Sillaginopsis panijus, Platycepalus fuscus, and Penaeus monodon) followed the decreasing order of Zn (40.8 ± 9.7 μg/g) > Cu (17.8 ± 7.1 μg/g) > Pb (6.2 ± 1.8 μg/g) > Ni (0.4 ± 0.3 μg/g) > Cd (0.06 ± 0.02 μg/g > Cr (below detection level). Among the metals, only Pb in finfish and Pb, Cu, and Zn in shrimp samples exceeded the national recommended limits, representing possible risks to consumers. The mean metal concentrations in the studied fish/shrimp species followed the descending order of P. monodon > S. panijus > P. fuscus > L. bata, which implies that bottom dwellers and omnivores had higher levels of metals. However, the estimated daily intake (EDI) concentrations of Zn and Cu for the studied species were lower than the RDA (Recommended Daily Allowance). In addition, the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI or TTHQ) values for all species were < 1, indicating that consumers might not experience carcinogenic health risks. A strong significant (p < 0.05) correlation between Cu and Pb (r = 0.623) and Zn and Cu (r = −0.871) indicated they were from the same source of origin. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated possible anthropogenic sources of toxic metals in the study area, specifically industrial wastes and agricultural chemicals.

Objective: To identify the relevancy of contents of undergraduate medical curriculum of Bangladesh for providing service at primary health care (PHC) level through exploring the views of government PHC doctors. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted upon the government doctors who were working at primary health care level of Bangladesh. A total of 545 doctors of 176 upozilas of 62 districts of the country participated in this study by filling mailed self administered semi-structured questionnaires Result: It was found that majority of doctors were satisfied on their skill and knowledge that they acquired at undergraduate level. Their opinions indicated that clinical subjects of MBBS course need more emphasis than basic subjects. On the basis of their opinion a total of 129 health problems are prioritized according to the load of the health problems at the working place of PHC doctors. Conclusion: Curriculum of undergraduate medical education should be reviewed and more emphasis should be given on skills especially on the clinical subjects keeping in mind common health problem of Bangladesh Key words: Need Assessment Medical Curriculum; Medical Education Bangladesh; Undergraduate Curriculum Bangladesh; Health Needs Bangladesh; Curriculum Development Bangladesh.

Though prepubertal vaginal bleeding is rare, it can create a dilemma for both physicians and parents. Prepubertal vaginal bleeding due to leech bite is even rarer and very difficult to diagnose without proper history. We report a case of a six-year-old girl presenting with vaginal bleeding and ultimately diagnosed as a case of vaginal bleeding due to leech bite. We described how focused history helped us in diagnosis and management of such case in rural areas with limited healthcare resources. A detailed history with a high index of suspicion and a thorough examination is essential to diagnose leech bite in the vagina.

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