This paper provides theoretical insights on the behaviour of ethnicity in the developmental experience of two African countries, namely, Nigeria and South Sudan, which have been regarded as failed states not due to their heterogenic configurations but due to the adverse effects of ethnicity and inequality. This paper reinforces the argument that political and social instability are the major causes of African underdevelopment. It posits that ethnicity encapsulates these factors using the cases of Nigeria and South Sudan to offer germane examples of the hydra-headed effects of ethnicity. Since independence, the surge of inequality in Africa has been driven not by the revolution in technology but by ethnicity and its concomitants. Africa is also the continent with the highest rate of poverty, illiteracy, and infant mortality. As palliatives, several development and international financial aid programmes have tried to address the issues of poverty and underdevelopment in Africa, Asia and Latin America. While these programs yielded results in some parts of the world, they were almost a failure in Africa. Indeed, ethnicity remains a source of conflict used by nationalist and political entrepreneurs to promote their ambitions at the expense of Africa's development. This paper established the relationship between ethnicity and development and its dimension on inequalities. It argued that ethnicity and inequality are complex social constructs, that have continually retarded Africa's development.
Forests reserve management strategies should provide comprehensive forest working plan for each Forest Reserve, consolidate the existing forest reserves, carry out periodic National Forest Resources inventory, Involve communities in the management of forest reserves with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, promote equitable benefit sharing and designate roles and responsibilities amongst stakeholders, protect the Forest Estate from fire and encroachment, encourage multiple-use concepts in the management of forest reserves. Most of these management strategies are mostly only protected on paper, as the forest continues to be subjected to official and unofficial unsustainable logging, and virtually unrestrained firewood and plant collecting. This study assessed the management strategies for selected forest reserve schemes in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. The study analyzed the respondents' socio demographic characteristics, their level of knowledge on the forest reserve management and level of agreement on the identified Government policies for forest reserve maintenance. Forty (40) questionnaire packs were administered on the workers of Onigambari forest reserves (10), Oluyole Local Government Area, Oso forest reserve (5) and Ijaye forest reserve (5), Akinleye Local Government Area, Moniya, the staff and students in the university of Ibadan, department of forest and forest products (4), the neighboring communities around the forests (4) and the staff in the ministry of Agriculture, Natural resources and Rural development, Ibadan (12). Likert scale was used to rank the knowledge level of the respondents, simple descriptive statistics such as frequency mean and percentages was used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. To test the hypothesis, Pearson correlation demographic analysis was used to test the significant relationship between the selected demographic variables and the dependent variables. The result of the findings showed that some of the selected demographic variables such as marital status (r = 0.670**; p < = 0.01), occupation (r = 0.544**; p < =0.01) and years of occupational experience (r = 0.382*; p< 0.05) respectively exhibited a significant relationship with the dependent variable that is perception of level of knowledge on the forest resource management). This implies that all the demographic variables have decisive influence on the dependent variable. Furthermore, the status of management of selected forest reserves in Ibadan was discovered to be inadequate and the stakeholders have proper knowledge of the forest resources management and the policies. There is need for incentives so that stakeholders and other practitioners can adequately use their knowledge to improve on forest management in the study area.
This paper examines the interrelationship between the State, freedom of association and sectarian violence among faith communities in Nigeria. It specifically discusses the role of the State in maintaining peace, and the government’s official response to sectarian violence among religious associations. In modern African states, sectarian violence has been prevalent and deadly among religious group movements. It is deployed as the most preferred means of attracting recognition, affirming feasibility and proclaiming existence among other religious associations in the State. This trend is associated with the Islamic Movement of Nigeria. It is against this background that this paper historicises sectarian violence, the myth and reality of religious freedom, the interrelationship between religious freedom, the State and secularism in Nigeria while discussing the constitutional provisions of religious freedom and religious associations in Nigeria. The paper concludes that religious freedom and freedom of association are integral features of the Nigerian Constitution and, therefore, all religious associations are permitted to live in peaceful coexistence.
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