Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common developmental condition resulting in enamel defects in first permanent molars and permanent incisors. It presents at eruption of these teeth. One to four molars, and often also the incisors, could be affected. Since first recognized, the condition has been puzzling and interpreted as a distinct phenomenon unlike other enamel disturbances. Early diagnosis is essential since, rapid breakdown of tooth structure may occur, giving rise to acute symptoms and complicated treatment. The purpose of this article is to review MIH and illustrate its diagnosis and clinical management in young children.How to cite this article: Garg N, Jain AK, Saha S, Singh J. Essentiality of Early Diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Children and Review of its Clinical Presentation, Etiology and Management. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5(3):190-196.
This review endeavours to compile the research of bone density in maxilla and mandible. Many clinical studies have demonstrated relation between bone density and various clinical phenomena in dentistry. Knowledge of bone density in particular area of oral cavity may help the clinician to plan proper site for implant placement and various anchorage augmentation techniques in order to increase success rate of the treatment.
We present results of our study of correlated radio and X-ray emission in two black hole candidates and Galactic microquasars GRS 1915+105 and Cyg X-1 in their steady long term hard states, along with Cyg X-3 (using data obtained from Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer all-sky monitor [RXTE-ASM], Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Burst and Transient Source Experiment [CGRO-BATSE], and Green Bank Intereferometer [GBI]). We detect a pivotal behavior in the X-ray spectrum of GRS 1915+105, correlated to the radio emission. Similar to the results obtained for Cyg X-3, the flux of X-rays softer than the pivoting point correlates with the radio emission, while the corresponding harder X-ray flux anti-correlates with both the radio and the softer X-ray emission, in this state. We examine all the previously reported correlations of X-ray properties with the radio emission in Galactic microquasars and argue that these are consistent with a general picture where a spectral pivoting is a common feature in these sources with the shape of the spectrum determining the flux of radio emission, during the hard states. We also detect a general monotonic increase in the radio emission of these sources with the soft X-ray emission spanning about 5 orders of magnitude. We qualitatively explain these findings with a Two Component Advective Flow model where the location of a boundary layer between the thin disk and the Comptonizing region determines the spectral shape and also the amount of outflow.
Abstract. We present the results of a detailed correlation study between the soft X-ray, hard X-ray, and radio emission (obtained from RXT E ASM, BAT SE, and GBI observations, respectively) of the bright radio emitting Galactic X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. We detect a very strong positive correlation between the soft X-ray and radio emission during the low-hard and minor flaring periods of the source, and an anti-correlation between the soft and hard X-ray emissions. We present statistical arguments to suggest that the anti-correlation between the radio and hard X-ray emission, reported earlier, is primarily due to their correlation and anti-correlation, respectively, with the soft X-ray emission. We make a wide band X-ray spectral study using the pointed RXTE observations and detect a pivotal behaviour in the X-ray spectrum. We argue that this X-ray spectral pivoting is responsible for the anti-correlation between the soft and hard X-ray emissions. The strong correlation between the soft X-ray and radio emission suggests a close link between the accreting mechanism, plasma cloud surrounding the compact object and the radio emission.
BackgroundBone density at the interradicular area plays an important role during orthodontic treatment. In view of this fact, the study was designed to quantitatively evaluate the bone density at the interradicular areas of the alveolar and basal bones of maxilla and mandible by computed tomography.MethodsOne hundred and nine computed tomographic images were randomly selected, and bone density was measured in Hounsfield units (HU) with bone mineral density software (Siemens VA20A_SP3A). The sample consisted of 78 males (mean age 29.5 years, range 20 to 40 years) and 31 females (mean age 27.6 years, range 20 to 40 years). Cortical and cancellous bone density was measured at the interradicular areas at the alveolar and basal bone levels of the maxilla and mandible, and the data was subjected to statistical analysis for comparisons.ResultsThe highest cortical bone density was observed between the second premolar and first molar at the alveolar bone level and between the first and second molars at the basal bone level in the maxilla. Maxillary tuberosity showed the least bone density. The density of the cortical bone was greater in the mandible than in the maxilla and showed a progressive increase from the incisor to the retromolar area. The basal bone showed a higher density thanthe alveolar bone.ConclusionDifferent qualities of the bone were found in the anatomic regions studied, which confirms the importance of knowledge of site-specific bone tissue density to correlate with various clinical findings.
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