The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on premenstrual symptoms, haematological and hormonal parameters in young women. A total of 30 participants aged 16-20 years and complaining of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) were randomly assigned into two groups: a control group received vitamin B6 and Ca supplements once daily and a study group received the same medical treatment and participated in treadmill training three times per week for 3 months. A premenstrual syndrome questionnaire (MSQ), complete blood picture and hormone assays were performed for the assessment of all participants at the start and after the end of the treatment course. The study group showed a significant decrease in all post-treatment subscale symptoms, scores and total score. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, red cell count and platelet count were significantly increased, while mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and white blood cell count showed no significant differences. There was also a significant decrease in prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone levels. In conclusion, aerobic exercise increases haemoglobin, haematocrit, red cell count and platelet count, and decreases levels of prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone, resulting in improvement of fatigue, impaired concentration, confusion and most premenstrual symptoms.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a cyclic disorder that affects social activities, interpersonal relationship, and educational productivity of adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of whole body vibration (WBV) and resistive exercise on premenstrual symptoms in adolescents with PMS. Methods: Sixty adolescents, aged 16-19 years and with body mass index > 19.9 kg/m 2 , participated in the study. They were randomly assigned to three groups equal in number. Control group received magnesium (Mg) (250 g) and vitamin B6 supplementation once daily. Resistive exercise group received the same supplementations and resistive exercise for three times/week, while the WBV group received the same supplementations and WBV training three times/week for 12 weeks. Premenstrual syndrome questionnaire (PMSQ) was used to evaluate premenstrual symptoms, including anxiety symptoms (PMS-A), depression symptoms (PMS-D), craving symptoms (PMS-C), hyperhydration symptoms (PMS-H), other symptoms, cramp, and low back pain. Results: Pair-wise comparison test revealed a significant decrease (p = 0.000) in PMS-A, PMS-C, PMS-D, PMS-H, other symptoms, cramp, and low back pain of the resistive exercise group and WBV group after treatment. However, there was only a significant decrease in PMS-C (p = 0.03) of the control group after treatment. Post hoc test showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the resistive group and WBV group in all PMS symptoms after treatment. Conclusions: Passive muscular training using WBV has a similar effect to resistive exercise on premenstrual symptoms that affect the quality of life in adolescents with PMS.

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BackgroundThere's lack in the literature respecting changes in the trunk and hip angles, and power profile of the lower extremities in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD). Therefore, this study aimed to examine gait characteristics of that population, and find out which characteristics may be predictors to BMD. This may provide suitable interventions for subjects with osteoporosis.MethodsSeventeen healthy postmenopausal women and seventeen with low BMD engaged in this study. Dual X-ray Absorbiometry measured BMD at lumber (L2–4) and femoral neck. Qualysis gait analysis system assessed the gait pattern of each subject.ResultsCompared to healthy peers, women with low BMD showed less trunk rotation (p = 0.02), hip adduction (p = 0.005) and extension moments (p = 0.008). They showed less hip power generation during early stance (H1S) (p = 0.000), and swing phase (H3S) (p = 0.005), and less hip power absorption (H2S) (p = 0.005). They also, showed less knee power absorption during terminal swing (K4S) (p = 0.002), and ankle power generation at push off (A2S) (p = 0.000). The ability of the gait variables to discriminate between subjects with or without osteopenia was (0.72%, p = 0.016) for trunk rotation, (78%, p = 0.0004) for hip adductor moment, (76%, p = 0.0013) for hip extensor moment, (87%, p < 0.0001) for H1S, (79%, p = 0.0001) for H2S, (77%, p = 0.0008) H3S, (81%, p = 0.0001) for K4S, and (93%, p < 0.0001) for A2S.ConclusionLess power generation at the hip and ankle as well as, less power absorption at the hip and knee, may suggest that postmenopausal women with low BMD showed less propulsion, and stability during walking. Trunk rotation, hip adduction and extension moments, H1S, H2S, H3S, K4S, and A2S are significant predictors for low bone mass in the postmenopausal women.