Biogenic amines (BAs) are low molecular weight organic bases with an aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic structure which have been found in many foods. biogenic amines have been related with several outbreaks of food-borne intoxication and are very important in public health concern because of their potential toxic effects. The accumulation of biogenic amines in foods is mainly due to the presence of bacteria able to decarboxylate certain amino acids. Biogenic amines are formed when the alpha carboxvl group breaks away from free amino acid precursors. They are colled after the amino acid they originated from. The main biogenic amines producers in foods are Gram positive bacteria and cheese is among the most commonly implicated foods associated with biogenic amines poisoning. The consumption of foods containing high concentrations of biogenic amines has been associated with health hazards and they are used as a quality indicator that shows the degree of spoilage, use of non-hygienic raw material and poor manufacturing practice. Biogenic amines may also be considered as carcinogens because they are able to react with nitrites to form potentially carcinogenic nitrosamines. Generally, biogenic amines in foods can be controlled by strict use of good hygiene in both raw material and manufacturing environments with corresponding inhibition of spoiling microorganisms. The aim of this review was to give some information about biogenic amines in foods.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been treated with herbs for centuries and many herbs reported to exert antidiabetic activity.
Laurus nobilis
is an aromatic herb belonging to the
Lauraceae
family, commonly known as bay. This study aimed to investigate the activity of
Laurus nobilis
leave extracts on histopathological and biochemical changes in β-cells of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty healthy adult male albino rats were included in the study and divided equally into 5 groups for 4 weeks as follow; control group (C), diabetic group (D), diabetic
Laurus nobilis
extract group (DLN),
Laurus nobilis
extract group (LN) and diabetic acarbose (DA) group. Histopathologically, D group rats exhibited various degenerative and necrotic changes in their liver, pancreas and kidney, whereas the DLN rats had nearly normal histology. Insulin immunostaining in the pancreatic beta cells was decreased in the D group compared to the C group, whereas the DLN group was similar to the C group. The glucose concentration decreased significantly in both diabetic rats treated with
L. nobilis
and acarbose (
p
< 0.05). Additionally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme were significantly decreased in both diabetic rats treated with
L. nobilis
and acarbose, compared to the D group (
p
˃ 0.05). Outcomes of this study said that leave extracts of
L. nobilis
has valuable effect on blood glucose level and ameliorative effect on regeneration of pancreatic islets, it also restored the altered liver enzymes, urea, creatine kinase, total protein levels, calcium and ferritin to near normal.
Essential foods of a daily meal have been reported to comprise of numerous kinds of biogenic amines (BAs) at different levels. BAs have a variety of toxicological impacts on human health, and they have been connected to multiple outbreaks of foodborne disease. They also are known to cause cancer based on their ability to react with nitrite salts resulting in the production of a carcinogenic organic compound (i.e. nitrosamines). BAs toxicity is often linked to the ingestion of large quantities of BAs in food that causes toxicological threats and health disorders and has psychoactive, vasoactive, and hypertensive effects and can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Toxicity properties of BAs are linked closely to histamine and tyramine. Other amines, such as phenylethylamine, putrescine, and cadaverine are meaningful because they could increase histamine's negative effects. The key method for reducing BA concentration and foodborne disease is bacterial load management. It helps to control the formation of histamine and other BAs, and also reduce histamine and tyramine toxicity by applying basic good handling and hygiene practices. A greater understanding of BAs is essential to enhance food safety and quality. This review paper discusses the public health concerns of BAs in foods.
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