Infantile colic is one of the major challenges of parenthood. It is one of the common reasons parents seek medical advice during their child’s first 3 months of life. It is defined as paroxysms of crying lasting more than 3 hours a day, occurring more than 3 days in any week for 3 weeks in a healthy baby aged 2 weeks to 4 months. Colic is a poorly understood phenomenon affecting up to 30% of babies, underlying organic causes of excessive crying account for less than 5%. Laboratory tests and radiological examinations are unnecessary if the infant is gaining weight normally and has a normal physical examination. Treatment is limited and drug treatment has no role in management. Probiotics are now emerging as promising agents in the treatment of infantile colic. Alternative medicine (Herbal tea, fennel, glucose and massage therapy) have not proved to be consistently helpful and some might even be dangerous. In conclusion infantile colic is a common cause of maternal distress and family disturbance, the cornerstone of management remains reassurance of parents regarding the benign and self-limiting nature of the illness. There is a critical need for more evidence based treatment protocols.

We aimed to generate a valid reliable Arabic version of MOS social support survey (MOS-SSS). We did a cross sectional study in medical students of Faculty of Medicine in Khartoum, Sudan. We did a clustered random sampling in 500 students of which 487 were suitable for analysis. We followed the standard translation process for translating the MOS-SSS. We accomplished factor analysis to assess construct validity, and generated item-scales correlations to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity. We extracted the Cronbach’s α and Spearman Brown coefficient of spit half method to determine internal consistency. We measured stability by correlation between the scores of the MOS survey taken at two different occasions with ten days apart in 252 participants. All items correlated highly (0.788 or greater) with their hypothesized scales. All items in subscales correlated higher by two standard errors with their own scale than with any other scale. Principle component analysis with varimax rotation was conducted on the 19 items and examination of scree plot graphically suggested 4 predominant factors that account for 72 % of variance. It showed high loadings, ranging from 0.720 to 0.84 for items of emotional support, 0.699–0.845 for tangible support, 0.518–0.823 for affectionate support, and 0.740–0.816 for positive social interaction. Cronbach’s alpha for overall MOS scale and subscales indicated high internal consistency. The test–retest correlation showed weak correlation between the test and retest (ranges from 0.04 to 0.104). The Arabic MOS-SSS had high validity and internal consistency.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2960-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundTuberculosis remains a public health problem in developing countries and is associated with lethal central nervous system complications. Intracranial tuberculomas occur in 13% of children with neurotuberculosis. Patients with trisomy 21 have an increased risk for stroke, which usually stems from cardiovascular defects.Case presentationWe report a case of a 12-year-old Sudanese boy with trisomy 21 who was presented to our hospital with focal convulsions and right-sided weakness. The results of neuroimaging and histopathological examinations were consistent with cerebral tuberculoma. The patient had a good initial response to antituberculosis drugs and steroids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of multiple brain tuberculomas described in a child with trisomy 21.ConclusionsPatients with trisomy 21 have an increased risk for stroke. Our patient had an exceptional case of stroke caused by tuberculoma. The present case emphasizes the need to consider tuberculomas in the differential diagnosis of children with neurological symptoms living in areas of high tuberculosis incidence.

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Introduction: Percutaneous injuries, caused by needle sticks and other sharps, are a serious concern for all health care workers (HCWs) and pose a significant risk of occupational transmission of blood borne pathogen. Two million injuries are believed to occur each year among HCWs. Methodology: The study group consisted of 249 HCWs of various categories of a tertiary care hospital in Khartoum, Sudan. Data collection was carried out using a standardized questionnaire. To measure knowledge, attitude and practices on needle stick injuries. Results:70% of respondents were females and around 47% of participants were nurses Half of participants attended a biosafety course, and around 90% of them followed what they was trained on in all or most of times. Most of respondents graded their knowledge about as good and the main source of knowledge was the university curriculum. In our study 46% had NSI with a mean of 6.1 injuries/year of 6.14 most of them were among nurses 40%. Almost thirty percent didn't hear about the term post exposure prophylaxis more than 90% knew that HIV, HBV, and HIV can be transmitted through NSI. More than 83% of respondents were worried about NSI. Regarding the most recent NSI, Most of injuries occurred in the ward followed by emergency room, lab, and theatre. In half of cases the culprit was the victim himself during usage of syringe. The most common procedure associated with NSI was blood sampling. The frequent action was to wash the injury site using antiseptic solution. Almost two thirds of respondents who had NSI didn't report it. Around 4.3% had NSI of HIV patient yet, the majority of them did not receive any medication. Out the 7 participants who had a NSI from a HBV positive patient, 5 were fully vaccinated all of which didn't check their vaccination status. Moreover, none of the 5 participants received PEP. Conclusion and recommendation: prevalence of NSI was relatively low but there were many deficient area such as checking immune status of HBV, knowledge about importance and methods of PEP, role of wearing gloves during handling needles, and procedure of reporting injuries. HCW =health care worker NSI = needle stick injuries PEP= post exposure prophylaxis