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Acacia trees in Sinai desert are suffering population decline. This study aims to explore this assumption and to determine the effects of grazing and urbanization on size structure of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana along a gradient of water availability in Wadi Feiran basin, South Sinai, Egypt. Size structure of 289 Acacia trees in thirteen isolated populations was analysed. Catchment area and lineament density as water availability indicators were calculated. Effects of grazing and urbanization on Acacia populations were evaluated. A strong positive correlation was recognized between tree height, crown diameter and trunk circumference. Acacia tree density and crown diameter are positively correlated with water availability indicators. Population structure of A. tortilis is characterized by absence of juveniles, clear reduction in numbers of small and large categories and increasing in medium categories. This pattern indicates very low recruitment and high mortality of small and large trees. The variation in water availability may have considerable effects on the structure of A. tortilis. Overgrazing, cutting and urbanization are the main causes of population decline of Acacia in Sinai desert. In addition, drought conditions and bruchid seed beetles aggravate the anthropogenic effect on recruitment of Acacia in South Sinai.