Flurbiprofen via oral route has many side effects. Many inflammatory infections occur locally and close to the body's surface, so topical application of flurbiprofen is advantageous. Still, intact skin acts as a barrier and hampers skin penetration of the drug. Present objective of this work was to reduce the adverse effect of flurbiprofen and increase its bioavailability by formulating Flurbiprofen microemulsion based gel, evaluating it for its Physico-chemical properties and then finally conducting its in-vitro and animal studies to determine its efficiency. Arachis oil was selected as an oil phase as flurbiprofen showed maximum solubility in it. Microemulsion formulations (A1 to A9) were prepared by varying the qty of tween 80 (as a surfactant) and propylene glycol (as co-surfactant). Microemulsions which were found to give satisfactory results w.r.t microemulsion formation (F1 to F5) were converted to microemulsion gel using Carbopol 934 as gel base. The ability of different microemulsions to penetrate flurbiprofen through the skin was in-vitro evaluated. All the formulations were evaluated for their quantity of drug present in the formulation, pH, Viscosity, Spreadability, in vitro diffusion study. Formula F4, which showed good Physico-chemical properties, was subjected to anti-inflammatory study. Results showed that pH, spreadability, viscosity and amount of active ingredient present in formulations were in an acceptable limit. The standard calibration curve for flurbiprofen depicts the linear association between concentration and absorbance. The formulation F4 has the highest % release, 90.54% also showed a higher % inhibition of paw oedema after 4 hrs than marketed formulation.
Edible vaccines are promisingly cheaper, easy to take in, safe and easily stored, fool-proof and socially justifiable, especially in poorly developed countries. These vaccines are made by inserting the necessary genes into the plants, which result in the production of the requisite encoded proteins. This concept was introduced ten years ago, but now this has become a reality. A large variety of drug delivery systems have been developed till today. Initially, it was considered to be used only to prevent infectious diseases, but now it is also used as a preventive measure for autoimmune diseases, oncotherapy, family planning etc. Many edible vaccines are currently produced for a variety of human and animal diseases. The concept of transgenic crops is increasingly embraced in industries as well as in developing countries. The fate of edible vaccines may be influenced due to opposition to genetically altered foods. The major obstacles in the approach of the upcoming vaccine technology are already overcome. But the technical hurdles, regulatory and non-scientific confrontations are yet to be subdued. This review attempts to explore the present-day stature and the upcoming scope of these new methods of prevention.
The classic method for extracting anthocyanins from plant tissues is the same as for other phenolics: the tissues are soaked and then extracted with a solvent in a process known as Solid Liquid Extraction. Modern approaches to anthocyanins extraction include;Supercritical fluid extraction, Ultrasound-assisted extraction, Pressurized liquid extraction, Microwave-assisted extraction, Ohmic heating-assisted extraction, Precipitation, and Solid phase extraction. The aim of this article is to review the methods used for Anthocyanins extraction from Hibiscus Sabdariffa.The study for the same has been done at Charak’s Pharmacognosy Laboratory, MIT-WPU School of Pharmacy, Pune. Usually, modern methods seem to have an edge againsttraditional methods in extraction procedures. This article discusses these methodsand tries to identify if it is the case in the case of anthocyanins extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa L.while individually commenting on the method’s advantages or disadvantages too.
Aims: Healthcare and pharmaceutical research are incessantly reaching to new zeniths which is substantiated by the increasing numbers of diagnostic and therapeutic options available to healthcare professionals for treating patients but a major impediment to this growth has been the evolution of genetic mutation that makes diagnosis and treatment an enigmatic job. Unfortunately, the study of etiology of mutations is still a very neonatal area of research due to the high number of different factors involved in cellular signal trafficking, several metabolic pathways and their simultaneous effects. Owing to these reasons it has been very difficult to select an appropriate treatment modality based on the manifestations of certain common mutations in a pack of symptoms especially in patients who are resistant to treatment. This has led to the development of personalized therapy which can be delineated as acclimatizing of medical treatment based on the characteristics of the individual being treated. This development leans on our understanding of how an individual ingrained molecular and genetic profile makes them prone to certain diseases. To discover a right target for personalized therapies a long screening proses along with In vivo and in vitro analysis are needed. To begin with this review is an attempt to summarize the information available for personalized therapies.
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