Increasing interest in energetic particle effects on weather and climate has motivated development of a miniature scintillator‐based detector intended for deployment on meteorological radiosondes or unmanned airborne vehicles. The detector was calibrated with laboratory gamma sources up to 1.3 MeV and known gamma peaks from natural radioactivity of up to 2.6 MeV. The specifications of our device in combination with the performance of similar devices suggest that it will respond to up to 17 MeV gamma rays. Laboratory tests show that the detector can measure muons at the surface, and it is also expected to respond to other ionizing radiation including, for example, protons, electrons (>100 keV), and energetic helium nuclei from cosmic rays or during space weather events. Its estimated counting error is ±10%. Recent tests, when the detector was integrated with a meteorological radiosonde system and carried on a balloon to ~25 km altitude, identified the transition region between energetic particles near the surface, which are dominated by terrestrial gamma emissions, to higher‐energy particles in the free troposphere.
As part of the Chesapeake Bay Restoration Act's Enhanced Nutrient Removal (ENR), the Maryland Department of Environment (MDE) issued a new permit for the Marlay Taylor Water Reclamation Facility (MTWRF) to reduce the effluent nitrogen and phosphorus loads from the facility to ENR levels. MTWRF has explored cost and energy effective solutions to upgrade the facility to meet the future ENR requirements for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) limits. Three process alternatives were evaluated in terms of process and energy requirements. A calibrated model was used to determine process requirements. The initial capital cost along with a 15-year present worth analysis was also conducted to compare overall aspects of alternative processes. The footprint of the BioMag process was found to be significantly smaller than other options since this process eliminates the need for adding a secondary clarifier and effluent filters. Hence, this alternative would require notably lower initial capital costs compared to conventional four stage Bardenpho and hybrid IFAS processes. On the other hand, BioMag process was shown to be an energy intensive process due to high mixing requirements and additional energy consumption of the process related equipments.
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