The electrochemical biosensors are a class of biosensors which convert biological information such as analyte concentration that is a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) into current or voltage. Electrochemical biosensors depict propitious diagnostic technology which can detect biomarkers in body fluids such as sweat, blood, feces, or urine. Combinations of suitable immobilization techniques with effective transducers give rise to an efficient biosensor. They have been employed in the food industry, medical sciences, defense, studying plant biology, etc. While sensing complex structures and entities, a large data is obtained, and it becomes difficult to manually interpret all the data. Machine learning helps in interpreting large sensing data. In the case of biosensors, the presence of impurity affects the performance of the sensor and machine learning helps in removing signals obtained from the contaminants to obtain a high sensitivity. In this review, we discuss different types of biosensors along with their applications and the benefits of machine learning. This is followed by a discussion on the challenges, missing gaps in the knowledge, and solutions in the field of electrochemical biosensors. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, this review provides insight into the type of electrochemical biosensors, their applications, the importance of machine learning (ML) in biosensing, and challenges and future outlook.

Electrochemical, chemiresistive and wearable sensors based on tin oxide (SnO2) were investigated for chemical sensing applications. There is an increased usage of SnO2 as modifier electrode materials because of its astonishing features of thermal stability, biocompatibility, excellent bandgap, cost effective and abundant availability. The surface of working electrode is modified by nanomaterials of SnO2 in combination with various metals, semiconductors and carbon derivatives for improved sensing performance. Various voltammetric and amperometric techniques were involved in studying the electrochemical properties and behaviour of the anlaytes at the surface of modified electrodes. This review focused on some recent works that provides an overview of the applications of SnO2 nanomaterials for the development of chemiresistive, electrochemical, and wearable sensors.

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