Lung malignancies accounted for 11% of cancers worldwide in 2020 and remained the leading cause of cancer deaths. About 80% of lung cancers belong to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is characterized by extremely high clonal and morphological heterogeneity of tumors and development of multidrug resistance. The improvement of current therapeutic strategies includes several directions. First, increasing knowledge in cancer biology results in better understanding of the mechanisms underlying malignant transformation, alterations in signal transduction, and crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, including immune cells. In turn, it leads to the discovery of important molecular targets in cancer development, which might be affected pharmaceutically. The second direction focuses on the screening of novel drug candidates, synthetic or from natural sources. Finally, “personalization” of a therapeutic strategy enables maximal damage to the tumor of a patient. The personalization of treatment can be based on the drug screening performed using patient-derived tumor xenografts or in vitro patient-derived cell models. 3D multicellular cancer spheroids, generated from cancer cell lines or tumor-isolated cells, seem to be a helpful tool for the improvement of current NSCLC therapies. Spheroids are used as a tumor-mimicking in vitro model for screening of novel drugs, analysis of intercellular interactions, and oncogenic cell signaling. Moreover, several studies with tumor-derived spheroids suggest this model for the choice of “personalized” therapy. Here we aim to give an overview of the different applications of NSCLC spheroids and discuss the potential contribution of the spheroid model to the development of anticancer strategies.
The results of the studies of uranium valent states in the borosilicate glasses incorporating the components of uranium-containing sludge of Mining and Chemical Combine (MCC, Zheleznogorsks.) is presented in this work. The glasses were made under oxidative and reducing conditions.The optical spectrophotometry, nuclear gamma-resonance (NGR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that glasses produced under oxidative conditions are characterized by the presence of only U(6+), while U(4+) in the reducing conditions is present along with U(6+). The ratio U(6+)/to U(4+) varies in depending on the synthesis conditions.The glass samples synthesized under oxidative conditions were researched at initial solid state. The others synthesized under reducing conditions was dissolved preliminary without distort of uranium valency.The effect of U(4+)/U(6+) ratio on the uranium leach rates from the glasses has been studied at 90° using MCC-1 test.
A simulated sodium bearing waste (SBW), which represented a type of high sodium and sulfate waste, was successfully vitrified in iron phosphate glasses (IPG), at a maximum waste loading of 40 wt%, using a cold crucible induction melter (CCIM). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that all of the IPG waste forms did not contain sulfate salt segregation or crystalline phases. The calculated composition and the average analytical composition obtained by Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) were in good agreement. The major elements were uniformly distributed throughout the samples. The chemical durability of the IPG waste forms containing 40wt% SBW was evaluated by the product consistency test (PCT) and met current DOE requirements. IPG waste forms were melted at a relatively low temperature and for short times compared to borosilicate glasses. These advantages, combined with those of a significantly higher waste loading and the feasibility for CCIM melting, offer a considerable savings in time, energy, and cost for vitrifying this high sodium and sulfate waste.
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