Samples of soil, forage and blood serum of cattle in six villages Ganderbal district of kashmir were collected and analysed for different macro and micro mineral contents to establish the mineral correlation among soil, forage and animals. The macro and micro mineral contents in soils of Ganderbal district were higher than their respective critical levels except Mn. Similarly, in forage except for zinc all the mineral values were above critical level. The study also revealed the serum mineral values above the critical levels. The soil and forage (r=0.558) and forage and serum (r=0.463) showed significant positive correlations while, non-significant (P<0.05) positive correlation (r=0.08) between soil and serum for Cu was observed. The correlation for Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese observed between soil-forage, Forage-serum as well as soil-serum was non-sgnificant. Based on present study, supplementation of calcium, phosphorous, copper and zinc in the diet of cattle under existing feeding practices in Ganderbal district of Kashmir is imperative for better health and productivity. However, further, studies should elucidate the bioavailability and strategic dietary supplementation of minerals for livestock
Field experiments were conducted during 2004 and 2005 in paddy fields to evaluate the floristic composition of weeds, in lowland and upland areas of Mahendranagar, Nepal. A total of 61 weed species belonging to 42 genera and 23 families were recorded. Of the 23 families, Cyperaceae was the largest (13 spp.), followed by Poaceae (11 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (4 spp.), Amaranthaceae, Commelinaceae and Asteraceae (3 spp. each), Polygonaceae (2 spp.) and one species each belonged to Apiaceae, Acanthaceae, Alismataceae, Pontederiaceae, Leguminosae, Convolvulaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Marsileaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Onagraceae, Parkeriaceae, Portulaceae, Rubiaceae and Verbenaceae. The number of weed species was higher in upland (55) when compared with the lowland sites (48). On the basis of Importance Value Index (IVI) dominating weed species in paddy fields were: Fimbristylis miliacea (13.4), Lindernia oppositifolia (13.2), Eleocharis atropurpurea (13.1), Ageratum conyzoides (13.0), Cyperus iria (13.0), Echinochloa crus-galli (11.9), Ischaemum rugosum (11.7), Echinochloa colona (11.4), Cyperus difformis (11.1) and Schoenoplectus juncoides (11.0). Besides dicots and monocots, two species of pteridophytes (Ceratopteris thalictriodes and Marsilea minuta) were also recorded in lowland paddy fields.
In foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)-endemic countries, vaccination is commonly used to control the disease, whilst in FMD-free countries, vaccination is considered as an option, in addition to culling the infected and in contact animals. FMD vaccines are mainly comprised of inactivated virions and stimulate protective antibodies to virus structural proteins. In contrast, infection with FMD virus leads to virus replication and additional antibody responses to viral nonstructural proteins (NSP). Therefore, antibodies against NSPs are used to differentiate infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA), in order to estimate the prevalence of infection or its absence. Another advantage of NSP antibody tests is that they detect FMD infection in the field, irrespective of the serotypes of virus in circulation. In cattle, the NSP tests that target the 3ABC polyprotein provides the highest sensitivity, detecting up to 90% of vaccinated animals that become carriers after exposure to infection, with a specificity of around 99%. Due to insufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, detection of a low level of infection is difficult at the population level with a high degree of confidence. The low level of non-specific responses can be overcome by retesting samples scored positive using a second confirmatory test, which should have at least comparable sensitivity to the first test. In this study, six in-house tests were developed incorporating different NSP antigens, and validated using bovine sera from naïve animals, field cases and experimentally vaccinated and/or infected animals. In addition, two (short and long incubation) new commercial NSP tests based on 3ABC competitive blocking ELISAs (ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition, IDvet, France) were validated in this study. The two commercial ELISAs had very similar sensitivities and specificities that were not improved by lengthening the incubation period. Several of the new in-house tests had performance characteristics that were nearly as good as the commercial ELISAs. Finally, the in-house tests were evaluated for use as confirmatory tests following screening with the PrioCHECK® and ID Screen® FMDV NS commercial kits, to assess the diagnostic performance produced by a multiple testing strategy. The in-house tests could be used in series (to confirm) or in parallel (to augment) with the PrioCHECK® and IDvet® FMDV NS commercial kits, in order to improve either the specificity or sensitivity of the overall test system, although this comes at the cost of a reduction in the counterpart (sensitivity/specificity) parameter.
Summary The origin, length, cross‐sectional area, the fascicular number, their area and arrangement, total myelinated fibre count, and diameter‐spectra of the optic nerve were investigated in the Indian buffalo. The majority of the optic nerve fibres are myelinated fibres arranged in fascicles. The peripheral portion of the nerve has a significantly greater number of myelinated nerve fibres. The right and left optic nerves do not differ significantly in their length, cross‐sectional area and the number of myelinated fibres. The number, area and arrangement of the nerve fascicles varies (the peripheral portion contains a greater percentage of small‐sized ones). The total interfascicular area is significantly greater than the fascicular area. The external diameter of the myelinated fibres ranges from 1 to 12 microns. Histograms reveal an unimodal distribution of these fibres with a peak at 2 microns. Thinner fibres predominate in the peripheral portion. Zusammenfassung Anatomische Untersuchung des N. opticus des indischen Biiffels (Bubalis bubalis) Ursprung, Länge, Querschnittszone, Bündelanzahl nach Lage und Anordnung, Gesamtzahl der myelinhaltigen Fasern und Durchmesserspektrum des N. opticus wurden beim indischen Büffel untersucht. Die Mehrzahl der Nervenfasern sind myelinhaltige, faczikulär angeordnete Fasern. Der periphere Abschnitt des Nerven besitzt eine bedeutend grofiere Anzahl myelinhaltiger Nervenfasern. Rechter und linker Nerv unterscheiden sich in ihrer Länge, Querschnittszone und Anzahl der myelinhaltigen Fasern nicht bemerkenswert. Zahl, Lage und Anordnung der Nervenbündel variieren (der periphere Abschnitt enthält einen größeren Prozentsatz dünner Bündel). Das gesamte interfaszikuläre Gebiet ist bedeutend größer als das faszikulare. Der außendurch‐messer der myelinhaltigen Fasern reicht von 1 bis 12 Mikra. Histogramme enthüllen eine gleichmäßige Verteilung dieser Fasern mit einem Gipfel bei 2 Mikra. Im peripheren Abschnitt herrschen dünnere Fasern vor. Résumé Recherches anatomiques sur le nerf optique (N. opticus) chez le Buffle indien (Bubalis bubalis) Les recherches ont porté sur ľ origine, la longueur, la surface de section, le nombre de fascicules, leur étendue et leur disposition, la numération totale des fibres myélinisées et leur spectre de diamètres dans le nerf optique de Buffle indien. La majorite des fibres de ce nerf sont myélinisées et groupees en faisceaux. La partie peripherique du nerf possede de façon significative un nombre plus élevé de fibres myélinisées. Le nerf droit et le nerf gauche ne different pas de façon significative en ce qui concerne leur longueur, leur surface de section et le nombre de fibres myélinisées. Le nombre, le calibre et la disposition des faisceaux nerveux sont variables (la partie peripherique contient un pourcentage plus élevé de fibres minces). La surface totale des parties interfasciculaires est de façon significative plus grande que la surface fasciculaire. Le diametre exterieur de fibres myélinisées s étend de 1 à 12 microns. Les histogrammes révèlent...
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