Tetraploid ecotypes originated from Atlantic coastal region in comparison to diploids are of large growing stature, they build looser tuft (P 0.95 ), fewer vegetative offshoots (P 0.99 ). Their leaves are coarser (P 0.99 ), culms are thicker (N.S.), less foliaged (P 0.99 ), the thousand-seed-weight is higher (P 0.99 ). They are in heading time earlier, generally more productive, the forage quality is good. From diploid subspecies, it is the ssp. aschersoniana, which adapted to the climatic condition of central Europe best and meets the requirements of herbage production. Ssp. galiciana proved to be also a high yielding grass, possessing higher resistance against rust, mildew, and good resistance against fusarioses. Ssp. lusitanica has smoother leaves, but it is less yielding, leaves proportion in herbage is lower, and shows lower winter hardness. It seems to be of little interest as a genetic resource for simple forage grass breeding in this country.
Based on NIRS (near infrared reflectance spectroscopy) measurements carried out in a collection of 262 samples of winter oilseed rape with a different content of fatty acids (FA) in oil, calibration equations for the laboratory instrument Foss-NIRSystem 6500 were developed. Calibration was focused on the possibility of screening seed samples of different composition of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) using NIRS analysis. The reference method was gas chromatography (GC). The content of FA in segregating F<sub>2</sub> generations after crossing between lines with different contents of FA and lines with standard content of FA in oil ranged from 32.3 to 82.0% for C18:1, 10.2–26.8% for C18:2 and 3.3–11.8% for C18:3. The verification of a validation equation in 50 randomly selected samples of F<sub>2</sub> generation in the year 2006 proved high correlation coefficients (r) between NIRS analysis and GC values, r = 0.86 for C18:1, r = 0.82 for C18:2 and r = 0.85 for C18:3. Non-destructive NIRS analysis enables rapid and reliable selection of materials with different composition of FA in the seed of oilseed rape (lines with desirable high content of C18:1 and low content of C18:3).
In 2003–2007 the issue of the forage production and quality on the permanent grassland was researched by the Crop Research Institute Prague, Research Station Jevíčko. The long-term small plot trials with tall oatgrass stand type (Arrhenatherion) were established in 2003 on a fluvisoil. Four types of utilisation were used in the trial: 1. Intensive (I1) – 4 cuts per year (1st cut on 15th May, every next after 45 days); 2. Medium intensive (I2) – 3 cuts per year (1st cut on 30th May, every next after 60 days); 3. Low intensive (I3) – 2 cuts per year (1st cut on 15th June, 2nd after 90 days); 4. Extensive (I4) – 2 cuts per year (1st cut on 30th June, 2nd after 90 days) and four levels of fertilizer application: F0 = no fertilization; FPK = P30K60N0; FPKN90 = P30K60+N90; FPKN180 = P30K60+N180. The overall average DM production of grasslands over five years was 7.19 t . ha−1. The lowest annual DM production is 6.77 t . ha−1 during the intensive utilisation (I1) and it increases towards the extensive (I4) utilisation to 7.62 t . ha−1, at all levels of fertilization. Application of phosphorus and potash fertilizers did not have significant effects on grassland DM yield. Application of N-fertilizer increased DM production (P0.01) already on the level FPKN90 to 8.49 t . ha−1, on the level FPKN180 DM matter still increased up to 9.51 t . ha−1. Forage quality was highest during the intensive (I1) utilisation and relatively lowest during the extensive (I4) utilisation. The intensive (I1) utilisation of permanent grassland improves OMD (P0.01), concentration of CP and NEL and decreases fiber concentration (P0.01) when compared with the extensive (I4) utilisation. Fertilizing did not affect quality significantly except for CP concentration which increases with N-fertilization while NEL concentration decreases. Optimal utilisation intensity for dairy cows with annual production of 7–8 thousand kg of milk seems to be the intensive (I1) utilisation with the level of fertilization FPKN180 for given grass stand (plant society Arrhenatheretum). The forage from the medium intensively (I2) utilized grassland meets quality parameters for suckler cows at the end of lactation period, the forage from less intensively and extensively (I3, I4) utilized grassland is suitable for cows only in the dry period in the form of hay.
557Grass-clover mixtures combine the advantages of both their components; their yield usually exceeds those of the components grown in monocultures (Annicchiarico and Tomasoni 2010). Moreover, the production of dry matter throughout the year is balanced; grasses yield more in spring whereas clover crops produce more dry matter in summer (Mooso and Wedin 1990). Clover crops have a higher content of protein than grass (Evans et al. 1996, Gökkus et al. 1999); yet, their duration in the mixture is lower as compared to grass (Hejduk and Knot 2010). More erect leaves of grasses and horizontal leaves of clover crops minimize any interspecific competition (Lantinga et al. 1999).Another advantage of grass-clover mixture is a possibility of lower input of nitrogen fertilizer due to atmospheric nitrogen fixation by root-nodule bacteria at the roots of clover crops (Erkovan et al. 2008); yet, to obtain the maximum yield of dry matter, it is necessary to fertilize the grass-clover stands with nitrogen. At the conventional surface application of nitrogen fertilizers, the plants, both grass and clover, take up nitrogen mainly in the nitrate form. At the same time, clover, similar to other legumes fertilized with mineral nitrogen, produces nodules as a prerequisite of N 2 fixation. Nodule formation and therefore N 2 fixation may be reduced when N is supplied as mineral ferti- ABSTRACTIn a small-plot trial, grass hybrids Perseus (loloid) and Felina (festucoid) were compared in a mixture with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and their reactions to surface application of nitrogen fertilizers or injection into soil according to CULTAN method were investigated. Both fertilizer application methods were used with three levels of nitrogen. Mixtures containing the Felina hybrid had higher yields (12.1 t/ha) compared to the Perseus hybrid (11.0 t/ha), and they also showed higher clover abundance. Increasing dosage of nitrogen resulted in slightly higher yield, whereas the trend in clover abundance was opposite. Nitrogen injection resulted in slightly higher dry matter yields and slightly higher clover abundance as compared to surface fertilization. The N content in the grass-clover mixture was balanced for both types of fertilizer application and did not change significantly with increasing dosage of fertilizer. A slightly higher N content was observed at the Felina hybrid treatments; the dependence of this element on clover abundance in the mixture was set up to 50%.
The seeding rate of 2 mil viable seeds of mountain brome cv. Tacit (28.1 kg/ha) is sufficient to establish a productive stand. The seeding amount can be decreased in the mixture with legumes. The growing in pure stand or in a simple mixture, e.g. with alfalfa, is appropriate, because of its low competitiveness. Mixtures with red clover were slightly worse, and mixtures with white clovers, resp. other grasses less suitable. The optimal cu�ing height of mountain brome to 5-8 cm with regard to forage yield and persistence. Although this grass does not have special demands on site, it does not tolerate long-term dampness and floods. It is mainly used as silage grass with high dry ma�er production potential, with forage of be�er-than-average nutritive value, which is kept till the stage of early flowering.
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