The molluscicidal activity of leaf and rhizome extracts of Iris germanica L. (var. alba) against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was evaluated and the rhizome extracts were found to be the most potent. Activity-guided fractionation revealed that the chloroform extract showed the highest molluscicidal activity (LC90 = 1.26 mg/l) among the tested extracts of the rhizomes. Fraction B prepared from the chloroform extract was the most potent molluscicide (LC90 = 0.96 mg/l) in addition, it showed a significant heart rate reduction in the snail after a 6- to 24-h exposure period. It also displayed a significant level of cercaricidal potential in a time-concentration relationship pattern. Chromatographic fractionation and purification of fraction B resulted in the isolation of two novel compounds: 5,2′-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7- methylenedioxyflavone and 5,7,2′-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavanone. Their structures were established by one- and two-dimensional NMR methods and mass spectrometry

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The molluscicidal activity of leaves and rhizomes extracts of Iris pseudacorus L. family Iridiaceae against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails were evaluated and proved activity. The successive extracts of leaves viz; n-hexane, chloroform, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate (LC 50 values ranged from 0.8~14.65 mg/L) were found to be more potent than those of rhizomes. Bioactivity guided fractionation of leaves extracts resulted in the isolation of (13) compounds. The structural determination of the isolated compounds was established upon the study of their physicochemical and spectral data including UV, IR, 1 H, 13 C-NMR and MS as well as comparison with the data reported in literature. These compounds were identified as: apigenin (1), luteolin (2), -sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (3), catechol (4), protocatechuic acid (5), gallic acid (6), (-)-epicatechin (7), iso-vitexin (8), vitexin (9), iso-orientin (10), orientin (11), and mangiferin (13). Reviewing the available literature, this is the first report regarding the determination of molluscicidal activity as well as isolation and identification of these compounds from Iris pseudacorus L.

This study is concentrated on the correlation between two of porter’s general strategic strategies which are bringing leadership and isolation strategy and how it's related to the contending advantage in the private power businesses in the megacity of Sulaymaniyah in the Iraqi Kurdistan area. A quantitative system has been applied for analysis and an aggregate of 100 questionnaires was distributed among the directors of every order of all the private power businesses out of which 93 responded. The first part of the exploration is determining the positive relationship between the cost leadership and contending advantage, other part is concentrated on determining the possibility of a positive relation between isolation strategy and contending advantage. If we see the issues after the different analyses of the first hypothesis. The value of beta B is0.691 for cost leadership which means it's prognosticating the competitive advantage. Therefore, it supports our first thesis. After viewing the results of the analysis of the alternate hypothesis. The value of beta B is0.130 for the isolation strategy which means it's also Prognosticating the competitive advantage significantly Keywords: Private Energy Businesses, Porter’s Generic Strategies, Competing Advantages.

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