The paper reviews the method of creating a new bio-composite material based on birch wood and describes the mechanism of interaction of used motor oil with birch wood by infrared spectroscopy involved. It also provides data on the moisture absorption of the newly obtained composite. Used motor oil has high hydrophobic and antiseptic properties. The main chemical changes in oils occur as a result of its oxidation during engine operation under the temperature influence. However, the spectrum of spent engine oil is distinguished by the appearance of three new peaks: the wide peak of 3600-3000 cm−1, which is formed during characteristic vibrations of the OH group, indicating water cut in the engine oil, a narrow peak of 1740 cm−1, characteristic of stretching vibrations of the carbonyl group (C = O). In addition to these peaks, the other peak was detected at the 1150 cm−1 frequency and, yet, another weakly pronounced peak of 970 cm−1, which correspond to stretching vibrations of the peroxide group (C-O-O). The mechanism for impregnating wood with used engine oil has been developed. The moisture absorption of wood impregnated with spent engine oil is 3 times less than that of natural wood.
The work studies the possibility of using 1-vinylnaphthalene for modification and protective treatment of birch wood. 1-vinylnaphthalene used in the work was obtained by the method given in the literature. In order to facilitate the introduction of 1-vinylnaphthalene into the wood cavity, hydrocarbon impregnating solutions were prepared on its basis using toluene as a solvent. The samples of birch wood were kept in solutions for 24 hours at a temperature of 20°C after removing the wood samples from the impregnation baths, toluene was removed using a vacuum. After extracting the bulk of the toluene, the samples were subjected to heat treatment. It is shown that during heat treatment in conducting elements of birch wood under the influence of high temperatures, polymerization of 1-vinylnaphthalene proceeds by a radical mechanism. To determine the effect of 1-vinylnaphthalene content in wood on the properties of the resulting composites, toluene solutions with different modifier content were prepared. It is shown that with an increase in the content of the proposed modifier in birch wood, water absorption and swelling of samples of the resulting wood-polymer composites significantly decreases, which will increase the service life of products based on modified wood.
A composition for impregnation of birch and pine wood was developed. The impregnation of samples 20x20 mm in size and 10 mm in length along the wood fibers was realized by the “hot-cold bath” method at 120oC for 40 min. The efficiency of impregnating composition was evaluated according to physical parameters: water absorption, swelling in tangential and radial directions. It was found that impregnation of birch and pine wood with spent engine oil (SEO) allows improving the antiseptic properties and water resistance of wood and, hence, to decrease the water absorption and swelling of the wood of these species. To enhance the effect of hydrophobization of wood, inorganic (aerosol, clinoptilolite) and organic (oak bark flour) fillers (0.5; 1; 2%) were added to SEO. A non-linear dependence of the wood characteristics on the filler content in impregnating composition was observed. The addition of organic filler was more effective in improving the water resistance of wood as compared to inorganic ones. The impregnating composition with 1% of oak bark flour revealed the highest wood water absorption indicators, as a result, the present organic filler is the most promising in abatement of water absorption and swelling. The analysis of biostability of the samples allows us to ascertain that there is no biological damage in the impregnated wood. The present research illustrated that the use of SEO as a matrix for impregnation of birch and pine wood may partially solve the problem of its utilization, thereby creating the possibility of resource saving. The use of oak bark flour as a filler solves another problem – the obtaining of an effective and environmentally friendly impregnating composition.
The “hot-cold baths” impregnation of birch wood samples by a number of oils (original engine oil, waste motor, spent transmission, spent corn and sunflower oils) were studied in order to choose a base for impregnating composition. Specimens of wood flour from coniferous and hardwood species, oak, birch and pine bark were used as fillers of impregnating compositions. Physical-chemical characteristics (absorbed amount of impregnated compound, water absorption, swelling in tangential and radial directions, wetting angle) of wood samples treated with impregnation compositions were determined and compared to the most common oil antiseptic ZHTK-2. A strong decrease of water absorption and swelling of wood samples was observed for birch wood samples impregnated composition on the base of spent engine oil. Use of softwood flour as a filler of impregnating composition caused stronger enhancing of wood hydrophobicity, mainly, due to abietic acid dissolution in spent engine oil. 1 w.% of softwood filler of the impregnating composition was found the optimum providing the wood shape and water stability. The developed composition is recommended for impregnation of birch wood to be used in railway sleepers production.
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