Borexino, a large volume detector for low energy neutrino spectroscopy, is currently running underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy. The main goal of the experiment is the real-time measurement of sub MeV solar neutrinos, and particularly of the mono energetic (862 keV) Be7 electron capture neutrinos, via neutrino-electron scattering in an ultra-pure liquid scintillator. This paper is mostly devoted to the description of the detector structure, the photomultipliers, the electronics, and the trigger and calibration systems. The real performance of the detector, which always meets, and sometimes exceeds, design expectations, is also shown. Some important aspects of the Borexino project, i.e. the fluid handling plants, the purification techniques and the filling procedures, are not covered in this paper and are, or will be, published elsewhere (see Introduction and Bibliography)

We report the direct measurement of the 7 Be solar neutrino signal rate performed with the Borexino detector at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. The interaction rate of the 0.862 MeV 7 Be neutrinos is 49±3stat±4syst counts/(day·100 ton). The hypothesis of no oscillation for 7 Be solar neutrinos is inconsistent with our measurement at the 4σ C.L.. Our result is the first direct measurement of the survival probability for solar νe in the transition region between matter-enhanced and vacuum-driven oscillations. The measurement improves the experimental determination of the flux of 7 Be, pp, and CNO solar νe, and the limit on the magnetic moment of neutrinos.PACS numbers: 13.35. Hb, 14.60.St, 26.65.+t, 95.55.Vj, 29.40.Mc Neutrino oscillations [1] are the established mechanism to explain the solar neutrino problem, which originated from observations in radiochemical experiments with a sub-MeV threshold [2,3] and from real time observation of high energy neutrinos [4,5]. Neutrino oscillations were also observed in atmospheric neutrinos [4] and have been confirmed with observation of reactorν e [6]. Borexino is the first experiment to report a real-time observation arXiv:0805.3843v2 [astro-ph]

This is a repository copy of Large underground, liquid based detectors for astro-particle physics in Europe: scientific case and prospects.