Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. HCQ retinopathy, is a well-documented side effect of HCQ which could be investigated by Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Purpose: to detect retinal alterations in Rheumatoid arthritis patients taking hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) by OCTA and compare them with a control group. Patients and methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 80 eyes, 40 eyes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients taking HCQ and 40 eyes of normal healthy individuals with completely normal ophthalmological examination. The patients were further divided into high risk and low risk retinopathy groups according to duration of HCQ use. OCTA imaging was performed via Angiovue software. Results: The patients' superior hemi, inferior hemi, and peri-fovea all showed noticeably decreased deep vascular density. (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed regarding vascular density in the fovea and para fovea. High risk patients demonstrated significantly lower superficial vascular density in whole image, superior hemi, para-fovea, and peri-fovea and also significantly lower deep vascular density in superior hemi and para fovea (p<0.05). Duration of drug use showed significant negative correlations with superficial vascular density in whole image, superior hemi, para fovea and peri fovea also with deep vascular density in whole image, superior hemi, and peri fovea (p<0.05).Conclusion: OCTA could be a tool of value to detect retinal alterations in RA patients taking HCQ at the level of deep vascular density parameters in all patients and in superficial and deep vascular density in high-risk patients.

Background: Swelling of the optic disc caused by axoplasmic flow stasis in the optic nerve head as a consequence of elevated intracranial pressure is referred to as papilledema (PO) (ICP). Measurements of the ONH and retinal layers using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging are reliable and reproducible, including measurements of the average peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, average total peripapillary retinal thickness (TRT), and comparisons for all OCT parameters reflecting swelling of the ONH or peripapillary retina. Papilledema (PO) has been shown to affect the optic nerve head (ONH), retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), peripapillary total retinal (PTR) thickness, and gaglion cell layer (GCL) by OCTA (OCT). 60 eyes were used in this investigation, which was a prospective casecontrol study. The patients were picked from Benha University Hospitals' outpatient ophthalmology clinic. Optic nerve group (A) consisted of 30 eyes from 30 healthy controls, 16 of whom had mild papilledema, and 14 of whom had moderate to severe papilledema, which was separated into two groups: Group B (16 patients) and Group C (14 patients). Patients with moderate to severe papilledema (C) had higher levels of ONHV than those with mild papilledema (B). Furthermore, the average ONHV in group (B) was higher than in group (A) (A). However, as compared to healthy people in group A, the CD ratio was lower in patients with papilledema in groups B and C. In group C, the average thickness of the RNFL was considerably larger in all quadrants than in group B.. In addition, group (B) had a thicker average RNFL than group (A). PTR thickness values in group (C) were considerably higher than those in group (A) in all quadrants (B). In addition, the average PTR thickness in group (B) was higher than that in group (A). The difference in GCL thickness between the two groups in our research was not statistically significant. The results of this research demonstrate that all of the OCT measures tested (CD/R, ONHV, PTR, RNFL) are useful in the diagnosis of PO. These metrics may also identify early papilledema, thus they can be used to track PO patients and see whether their condition improves or worsens as a result of therapy. When it comes to diagnosing and monitoring individuals with PO, the only criterion that has demonstrated no sensitivity is GCL.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic profile, refractive ,topographic and tomograghic characters of keratoconus patients in Egypt. Patients and Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective cohort clinical study. The study met the ethical criteria of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in Faculty of Medicine Benha University with approval No. of (MS 32-12-2019). Our study included 102 eyes of 51 patient in the keratoconus group and 100 eyes of 50 patients in the control group. The study was designed as a retrospective cohort clinical study on keratoconus patients who attended at Al Ferdaws eye hospital in the period from January 2016 to December 2020. Study groups: Group 1: normal eyes as a control group. Group 2: keratoconus group (KC). Data Synthesis: The results analyzed using SPSS25, T-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Findings: There was clinically significant difference between normal and KC cases regarding the cylinder, BCVA, keratometric power of anterior and posterior surface on both flat and steep meridian.also K max and km.,Q value at 6 mm., thinnest location, relative thickness map average,thickness profile map average (PPI),highest elevation front and back,corneal irregularity indices, corneal aberrometric values, BAD_ D and ARTmax. Conclusion: We found no significant associationbetween the severity of KC with age and sex. many parameters in topography and tomography were efficient in differentiating normal cases from keratoconus cases even in early disease.

Background:Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive disorder with conical deformity of the cornea. It is characterized by corneal thinning induces irregular astigmatism, myopia and protrusion resulting in mild to marked impairment in the quality of vision. Aim of work : Measuring posterior corneal elevation in normal and keratoconus corneas using pentacam to discriminate keratoconus from normal corneas and to compare and correlate anterior corneal elevation maps and posterior corneal elevation maps with severity of keratoconus. Methods: This study included 50 participants, 25 KC patients and 25 healthy subjects. All cases were submitted to evaluation in the form of: history taking, visual acuity testing (UCVA, BCVA), slit lamp examination, corneal topography. Results: The comparison of keratometric and pachymetric readings showed significant differences between the study and control groups, central astigmatism (frontal and back), Kmax, KI, ISV and IVA show statistically significant difference between normal and keratoconic eyes. Posterior surface of the cornea shows statistically significant difference between normal and keratoconic eyes, In all keratoconus stages, the Posterior corneal elevation was significantly higher than the anterior corneal elevation by increasing in the keratoconus severity. Conclusion: Our data support the hypothesis that the posterior corneal surface contributes to the early topographical manifestation of keratoconus in keratoconus eyes. Although the diagnostic sensitivity was not explicitly evaluated in our study, giving more attention to posterior surface parameters may facilitate the early detection of keratoconus corneas.