Influence of Cold-Water Immersion on Limb and Cutaneous Blood Flow after Exercise

Mawhinney, Chris; Jones, Helen; Joo, Chang Hwa; Low, David A.; Green, Daniel; Gregson, Warren

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31829d8e2e

Cited by 77 publications

(125 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Moreover, it was reported that resting femoral artery diameter in the control limb was significantly increased following endurance training while no such adaptation was observed in the limb subjected to regular cooling, indicating the possibility of attenuated vascular adaptations to training (Yamane et al, 2006). Indeed, cold water immersion could potentially retard vascular adaptations through its ability to decrease postexercise muscle blood flow/perfusion (Gregson et al, 2011;Ihsan et al, 2013a;Mawhinney et al, 2013) and consequently minimising shear stress on the vessel walls, an important stimulus for vascular adaptations (Naylor et al, 2011). This is in contrast with a recent finding where some benefits in cycling performance were evident following regular whole body postexercise cold water immersion over a 5-week training block .…”

Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Ihsan¹,

Watson²,

Abbiss³

2014

Cell Mol Exerc Physiol

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PGC-1α is regarded as a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis due to its central role in regulating the activity of key transcription factors associated with encoding mitochondrial components. Additionally, PGC-1α has shown to mediate adaptations that increase fat metabolism and angiogenesis, contributing to the overall oxidative phenotype of the muscle. While it is well established that exercise is a potent stimulator of PGC-1α, recent evidence indicates that heat and cold exposures may also influence mitochondrial biogenesis through the up-regulation of PGC-1α. This highlights the potential use of these modalities in conjunction with exercise to enhance training adaptations. As such, the purpose of this review is to describe the possible mechanisms and pathways by which exercise, as well as hot and cold exposures may influence mitochondrial biogenesis. It is clear that changes in intracellular calcium, oxidative stress and phosphorylation potential are major up-regulators of PGC-1α during exercise. Moreover, there is evidence implicating calcium signalling, in addition to β-adrenergic activation in cold-induced mitochondrial biogenesis, while PGC-1α during heat exposure is likely triggered by changes in phosphorylation potential and nitric oxide signalling. However, these mechanisms appear to change considerably when cold/heat is administered following exercise, and seem to be dependent on the experimental models used (i.e. in vitro vs. in vivo, rodent vs. human). Understanding the effects heat/cold exposure and its interaction with exercise may lead to the optimisation and development of temperature-related interventions to enhance training adaptations, or aid in the treatment of mitochondrial related diseases.

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Section: Post-exercise Cold Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Ihsan¹,

Watson²,

Abbiss³

2014

Cell Mol Exerc Physiol

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“…An increase in cutaneous microvascular blood volume may be another compartment where blood flow may be redistributed to following cold water immersion, termed 'cold-induced vasodilation'. Mawhinney et al (2013) enhanced the findings of Gregson et al (2011), combining Doppler ultrasound with laser Doppler flowmetry, but this time after exercise. Similar reductions in peripheral arterial blood flow were reported between both studies were identified, however cold-induced vasodilation did not occur after exercise.…”

Section: Haemodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…It has long been known that muscular contractions have an optimal temperature range (Clarke et al, 1958). Therefore significant reductions in T muscle , as reported at rest (Gregson et al, 2011) or following exercise (Peiffer et al, 2009b;Mawhinney et al, 2013) could reduce subsequent muscular performance. The number of investigations reporting thermoregulatory responses to postexercise cold water immersion, such as T core , T muscle and T skin is sparse (see table 1.2 for details).…”

Section: Thermoregulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haemodynamic effects on peripheral macrovascular blood flow (arterial) and microvascular (capillary and cutaneous) blood flow or volume have been documented following cold water immersion at rest and post-exercise (Gregson et al, 2011;Mawhinney et al, 2013). A strong, negative relationship has long been known to exist between decreases in T muscle and blood flow (Barcroft & Edholm, 1943), which exist both during, and up to 60 min following cold water immersion.…”

Section: Haemodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only three studies within the sport science field have investigated the effects of post-exercise cold water immersion upon peripheral vascular responses (Peiffer et al, 2009b;Vaile et al, 2011;Mawhinney et al, 2013). Whilst another noteworthy study, utilising a resting model, has also been undertaken by Gregson and associates (Gregson et al 2011).…”

Section: Haemodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cellular, molecular and physiological effects of post-resistance exercise cold water immersion: Implications for subsequent perofrmance

Roberts¹

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The objective of this thesis was to examine the efficacy of cold water immersion as a recovery therapy after resistance exercise. To achieve this objective, the research had two distinct aims, (1) to investigate how cold water immersion influences acute (short-term) physiological and performance responses following a single bout of resistance exercise, and (2) to investigate how regular (longer-term) use of cold water immersion following resistance training sessions may effect training-induced adaptation.Recovery following resistance exercise is a complex, multi-faceted process that can involve the combination of a variety of recovery therapies, all with the common goal of restoring physiological and psychological homeostasis. The timing of subsequent exercise bout(s) and the desired outcome from the preceding exercise bout will heavily determine the recovery duration, and whether emphasis is placed upon a single recovery therapy over another. Cold water immersion is a popular post-exercise recovery therapy with extensive use worldwide, largely due to its simplicity, and cost-effective nature of implementation. However, the use of cold water immersion is largely supported only by anecdotal evidence from athletes and practitioners. Little physiological evidence is available as to its mechanisms of action following exercise, both in acute, and long term settings.There is a paucity of physiological knowledge available regarding post-exercise cold water immersion per se, and this is accompanied with a disparity in the reported physiological and performance responses. The degree of disparity can be attributed not only to the use of cold water immersion protocols differing in e.g. temperature (5 -15 o C), duration (5 -20 min), immersion depth (individual limb(s) compared with whole-body) and application frequency (single compared with multiple post-exercise immersions), but also to exercise protocols with varied degrees of ecological validity.In a first experimental study, detailed in chapter 2, I investigated how a bout of active recovery (stationary, low-intensity cycling) compared with a 10 min bout of CWI at 10 o C performed after a single high-intensity resistance training session in influencing physiological and performance responses over a 6-hour recovery period. Large physiological responses were observed over the initial period of recovery that could be attributed to a decrease in central (cardiac output) and peripheral (muscle artero-venous) blood flow following cold water immersion. Despite such physiological responses, participants were able to perform more work during a resistance exercise training simulation exercise when cold water immersion was used. Therefore, a second iii experimental study, detailed in chapter 3 was undertaken to more closely investigate how performing cold water immersion or active recovery after resistance exercise influence physiological responses over the initial 60 min following the recovery therapy, and how these physiological responses correspond with exercise perf...

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Effects of mild hypohydration on cooling during cold-water immersion following exertional hyperthermia

et al. 2016

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Influence of Cold-Water Immersion on Limb and Cutaneous Blood Flow after Exercise

Abstract: Colder water temperatures may be more effective in the treatment of exercise-induced muscle damage and injury rehabilitation by virtue of greater reductions in muscle temperature and not muscle blood flow.

Cited by 77 publications

References 33 publications

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

PGC-1α Mediated Muscle Aerobic Adaptations to Exercise, Heat and Cold Exposure

Cellular, molecular and physiological effects of post-resistance exercise cold water immersion: Implications for subsequent perofrmance

Effects of mild hypohydration on cooling during cold-water immersion following exertional hyperthermia

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