Caffeinated Sports Drink: Ergogenic Effects and Possible Mechanisms

Cureton, Kirk J.; Warren, Gordon L.; Millard‐Stafford, Mindy; Wingo, Jonathan E.; Trilk, Jennifer L.; Buyckx, Maxime

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.35

Cited by 83 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In seven studies, we were able to calculate r no CAF,CAF from the reported data (Bell, McLellan, & Sabiston, 2002;Eschbach et al, 2002;French, McNaughton, Davies, & Tristram, 1991;Graham & Spriet, 1991;MacLeod, 2004;Pasman, van Baak, Jeukendrup, & De Haan, 1995;Spriet et al, 1992), and in two instances r no CAF,CAF was obtained from the study authors (Cureton et al, 2007;Rehrer, Cusdin, & Deutsch, 1997). For studies for which we were not able to obtain intertrial correlations, we used the mean of the reported and obtained correlations (r = .74, SD = .09, range .62-.86 for CHO+CAF vs. CHO; r = .86, SD = .12, range .68-.99 for CAF vs. placebo).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our operational definition of endurance performance was that the exercise-performance test per se be at least 10 min in duration. However, the studies (Cureton et al, 2007;Eschbach et al, 2002;Ganio et al, 2007) with test duration of 10-15 min were preceded by a prolonged bout of submaximal exercise, so that the total exercise duration of the test protocol was on average for all studies 94.0 min and ranged from 19.6 to 250.4 min. For inclusion in the analysis, all study protocols had to use either preexercise ingestion of CHO and CHO+CAF within 90 min prior, ingestion during exercise, or both (preexercise ingestion and at some points during exercise).…”

Section: Identification Of Studies For Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After reviewing the articles, 121 were eliminated as not meeting the inclusion criteria (e.g., an endurance performance task of at least 10 min and comparing both CHO and CHO+CAF conditions). Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria (Table 1): thirteen peer-reviewed research articles Cox et al, 2002;Cureton et al, 2007;Hogervorst et al, 2008;Hulston & Jeukendrup, 2008;Hunter et al, 2002;Jacobson et al, 2001;Kovacs et al, 1998;Sasaki et al, 1987;Slivka et al, 2008;van Nieuwenhoven et al, 2005), five published abstracts from conference proceedings (Eschbach et al, 2002;Ganio et al, 2007;King et al, 2006;Rehrer et al, 1997;Smith et al, 2006), and one unpublished master's thesis (MacLeod, 2004). We included these well-designed scientific abstracts and thesis despite their tendency to influence the results toward a null finding.…”

Section: Study Characteristics For Cho+caf Versus Cho Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternative mechanisms have been proposed for the ergogenicity of CAF, including those related to CNS or peripheral actions on skeletal muscle. For example, adenosine-receptor antagonism (Davis et al, 2003) in the CNS may explain the decreased perception of effort often observed with CAF during exercise (Cole et al, 1996;Cox et al, 2002;Doherty & Smith, 2005;Jacobson, Febbraio, Arkinstall, & Hawley, 2001). Moreover, peripheral mechanisms such as improved skeletal-muscle force production may also underlie purported benefits (Lopes, Aubier, Jardim, Aranda, & Macklem, 1983;Meyers & Cafarelli, 2005).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies report significant performance improvements with CHO+CAF (Cox et al, 2002;Cureton et al, 2007;Kovacs et al, 1998), and others demonstrated no additional benefit (Hunter, St. Clair Gibson, Collins, Lambert, & Noakes, 2002;Sasaki, Maeda, Usui, & Ishiko, 1987;van Nieuwenhoven, Brouns, & Kovacs, 2005) beyond ingestion of CHO alone. The reason for equivocal results is unclear but might be the variety of experimental factors across the studies, such as subject characteristics, caffeine dose, or the test selected to evaluate exercise performance.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does Caffeine Added to Carbohydrate Provide Additional Ergogenic Benefit for Endurance?

Conger¹,

Warren²,

Hardy³

et al. 2011

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Context: Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) both improve endurance performance. Purpose: To determine by systematic literature review coupled with meta-analysis whether CAF ingested with CHO (CHO+CAF) improves endurance performance more than CHO alone. Methods: Databases were searched using the keywords caffeine, endurance, exercise, carbohydrate, and performance. Criteria for inclusion were studies that used human subjects performing an endurance-exercise performance task and included both a CHO and CHO+CAF condition. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated as the standardized mean difference. Results: Twenty-one studies met the criteria for analysis. ESs for individual studies ranged from -0.08 (trivial effect favoring CHO) to 1.01 (large effect favoring CHO+CAF). The overall ES equaled 0.26 (95% CI 0.15-0.38, p < .001), indicating that CHO+CAF provides a small but significant performance benefit over CHO. ES was not significantly (p > .05) related to CAF dose, exercise duration, or performance-assessment method. To determine whether ES of CHO+CAF vs. CHO was different than CAF compared with water (placebo), a subgroup meta-analysis compared 36 CAF vs. placebo studies against the 21 CHO+CAF vs. CHO studies. The overall ES for the former group of studies (ES = 0.51, 95% CI 0.40-0.61) was nearly 2-fold greater than in CHO+CAF vs. CHO studies (p = .006). Conclusions: CHO+CAF ingestion provides a significant but small effect to improve endurance performance compared with CHO alone. However, the magnitude of the performance benefit that CAF provides is less when added to CHO than when added to placebo.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Identification Of Studies For Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Study Characteristics For Cho+caf Versus Cho Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Does Caffeine Added to Carbohydrate Provide Additional Ergogenic Benefit for Endurance?

Conger¹,

Warren²,

Hardy³

et al. 2011

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Souza

Coso

Casonatto³

et al. 2016

Eur J Nutr

120

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Effect of ambient temperature on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance exercise

et al. 2010

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It is well established that caffeine ingestion during exercise enhances endurance performance. Conversely, the physiological and psychological strain that accompanies increased ambient temperature decreases endurance performance. Little is known about the interaction between environmental temperature and the effects of caffeine on performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ambient temperature (12 and 33°C) on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance cycling exercise. Eleven male cyclists (mean ± SD; age, 25 ± 6 years; [Formula: see text] 58.7 ± 2.9 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) completed four exercise trials in a randomized, double blind experimental design. After cycling continuously for 90 min (average 65 ± 7% [Formula: see text]) in either a warm (33 ± 1°C, 41 ± 5%rh) or cool (12 ± 1°C, 60 ± 7%rh) environment, subjects completed a 15-min performance trial (PT; based on total work accumulated). Subjects ingested 3 mg kg(-1) of encapsulated caffeine (CAF) or placebo (PLA) 60 min prior to and after 45 min of exercise. Throughout exercise, subjects ingested water so that at the end of exercise, independent of ambient temperature, their body mass was reduced 0.55 ± 0.67%. Two-way (temperature × treatment) repeated-measures ANOVA were conducted with alpha set at 0.05. Total work (kJ) during the PT was greater in 12°C than 33°C [P < 0.001, η(2) = 0.804, confidence interval (CI): 30.51-62.30]. When pooled, CAF increased performance versus PLA independent of temperature (P = 0.006, η(2) = 0.542 CI: 3.60-16.86). However, performance differences with CAF were not dependent on ambient temperature (i.e., non-significant interaction; P = 0.662). CAF versus PLA in 12 and 33°C resulted in few differences in other physiological variables. However, during exercise, rectal temperature (T (re)) increased in the warm environment (peak T (re); 33°C, 39.40 ± 0.45; 12°C, 38.79 ± 0.42°C; P < 0.05) but was not different in CAF versus PLA (P > 0.05). Increased ambient temperature had a detrimental effect on cycling performance in both the CAF and PLA conditions. CAF improved performance independent of environmental temperature. These findings suggest that caffeine at the dosage utilized (6 mg/kg body mass) is a, legal drug that provides an ergogenic benefit in 12 and 33°C.

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Caffeinated Sports Drink: Ergogenic Effects and Possible Mechanisms

Cited by 83 publications

References 32 publications

Does Caffeine Added to Carbohydrate Provide Additional Ergogenic Benefit for Endurance?

Does Caffeine Added to Carbohydrate Provide Additional Ergogenic Benefit for Endurance?

Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Effect of ambient temperature on caffeine ergogenicity during endurance exercise

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